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Еженедельник «Аргументы и Факты» № 43 25/10/2017
Общая площадь свалок в России — 1 млн га. Это сравнимо с территорией Кипра или Ливана.
Из всего объёма наших отходов только 2% проходят вторичную обработку. © /
ГК — Фонд содействия реформированию ЖКХ
Сжигать или перерабатывать?
Эксперты оценивают мировой мусорный рынок в 120 млрд долл. Если подходить к утилизации отходов с умом, то доля России может составлять 2-3,5 млрд долл. Но пока мы чужие на этом празднике жизни. По данным Росприроднадзора, практически весь объём твёрдых коммунальных отходов не перерабатывается, а захоранивается на свалках и полигонах.
Некоторые эксперты любят приводить в пример Монако, Вену или Цюрих, где мусоросжигательные заводы стоят чуть ли не в центре городов. Мол, и нам пора просто сжигать, тем более что новые технологии позволяют это делать практически без ущерба для экологии. Да, Европа сжигает, но предварительно отобрав из мусора все полезные для вторичного использования компоненты!
Кстати, предприятия, перерабатывающие отходы в новую продукцию, требуют вложения значительно меньших средств, чем мусоросжигание. Правда, в России необходимо создать не одно-два предприятия, а целую новую отрасль, и практически с нуля.
«Одна из главных задач на этом этапе — сделать сферу обращения с отходами организационно подготовленной и технологически оснащённой, — считает первый заместитель генерального директора Фонда содействия реформированию ЖКХ, сопредседатель НП «Национальное бюро по переработке отходов» Владимир Талалыкин. — Создание отечественных комплексов для неё решает сразу несколько вопросов: загрузку отечественного производителя, снижение тарифа для потребителя и уход от зависимости по комплектующим импортного производства».
Процесс создания отечественных образцов и замещения импортного оборудования, конечно, требует времени и средств. Однако, по его словам, в отрасли уже имеются российские разработки.
Мусороперегрузочная станция с элементами сортировки в городе Чебоксары Чувашской Республики. Фото: ГК — Фонд содействия реформированию ЖКХ
Дорого — не значит эффективно
В. Талалыкин говорит, что цена иностранного оборудования, представленного сегодня на отраслевых выставках, слишком высока, поэтому продукция наших производителей будет иметь спрос. Правда, важно не забывать о таких факторах, как платёжеспособность потребителя, уровень профессиональной подготовки обслуживающего персонала и вероятные объёмы загрузки комплексов работой.
«Поэтому в создании отечественного оборудования для отрасли обращения с отходами надо идти от простого к сложному, — уверен он. — Например, автоматизированные комплексы, которые предусматривают работу практически без участия человека, — очень хорошее решение, но в сегодняшних условиях они слишком дороги. Какой инвестор будет в них вкладываться?»
Именно поэтому одна из главных задач на данном этапе, по его мнению, — организационно подготовить и технически оснастить сферу обращения с отходами. Тогда можно делать шаг на следующую ступень.
«А если мы сейчас понастроим дорогостоящие объекты, на которые мусор не повезут, на которых не будет обслуживающего персонала соответствующей квалификации, то они завтра остановятся и деньги окажутся выброшенными на ветер», — поясняет В. Талалыкин.
Кстати, Фонд ЖКХ уже сейчас активно поддерживает модернизацию коммунальной инфраструктуры регионов, в том числе софинансирует проекты строительства объектов по обращению с твёрдыми коммунальными отходами (ТКО). Так, 3,5 млрд руб. госкорпорация уже вложила в строительство таких объектов в Чувашии, Карачаево-Черкесии, Саратовской, Воронежской, Смоленской и Нижегородской областях.
Кроме того, совместно с Национальным бюро по переработке отходов разработаны проекты типовых мусоросортировочных комплексов мощностью 100-200 тыс. тонн в год. Для них подобраны оптимальные и эффективные комплекты оборудования, в том числе с возможностью производства альтернативного топлива. Это так называемое RDF (refuse derived fuel) — твёрдое топливо, получаемое из отходов.
Новый мусороперерабатывающий комплекс в Балаковском районе Саратовской области. Фото: ГК — Фонд содействия реформированию ЖКХ
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